Difference between revisions of "FEW Nexus Tool Survey"

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As a part of the design-research efforts on Moveable Nexus (M-NEX), the Delft University of Technology and University of Michigan teams have initiated ‘a state of the art of practice’ review to assess existing approaches and modelling methods of the FEW Nexus for application in urban design projects. While FEW modelling promises to eliminate siloed thinking, and thereby introduce a more comprehensive system for thinking questions of urban sustainability, many collateral issues facing urban design proposals remain uncaptured by stock and flow modelling approaches. Specifically, with the M-NEX focus on urban agriculture systems within city regions, impacts on health, learning, community building, and social systems reside outside of material and energy flow analysis (MEFA)-based approaches to system modelling emanating from the Environmental Science disciplines.
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<br />Currently, there is a pronounced lack of FEW nexus evaluation tools that readily lend themselves for utilization by urban designers and planners in making rapid and comparative assessments of the FEW impacts of design interventions. Although there is a broad spectrum of Nexus assessment, modelling, and distributed simulation (DS) tools, these tools often function on the supra-national scale,  have a specific entry point, cover certain bi-directional relationships, are unintelligible to a non-skilled user, or are limited by data availability and standardized measures. To address these specific challenges, the team has assembled a comparative survey of available tools, methods, and frameworks for FEW-Nexus based assessment.
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<br />The literature compiled in this section provides a comprehensive overview of existing FEW assessment tools, methodologies, and corresponding application in urban design propositions and policy formulation. Each research project included in the survey has a specific way of referring to the nexus including FEW, FWE, and WEF. These acronyms are used interchangeably in the compilation.
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== Contact ==
 
== Contact ==
 
The Moveable Nexus (M-NEX): Design-led urban food, water, and energy management innovation in new boundary conditions of change, is a design research-based effort delivering FEW system assessment tools and pragmatic design solutions through stakeholder engaged living labs in six bioregions across the world. This co-design research initiative is based on three interdisciplinary knowledge platforms of design, evaluation, and participation. Each platform assembles, structures, and synthesizes existing knowledge, tools, data, methods, models and case studies for FEW nexus applications.  
 
The Moveable Nexus (M-NEX): Design-led urban food, water, and energy management innovation in new boundary conditions of change, is a design research-based effort delivering FEW system assessment tools and pragmatic design solutions through stakeholder engaged living labs in six bioregions across the world. This co-design research initiative is based on three interdisciplinary knowledge platforms of design, evaluation, and participation. Each platform assembles, structures, and synthesizes existing knowledge, tools, data, methods, models and case studies for FEW nexus applications.  
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<br />The following tool compilation is part of the evaluation platform and is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF): Award 1832214 and Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this compilation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organization.
 
<br />The following tool compilation is part of the evaluation platform and is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF): Award 1832214 and Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this compilation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organization.
  
 
== Metrics==
 
== Metrics==
 
The investigation applies scale (global/ regional/ national/ local), access (public/ private), year (2011-2019), intended user (researcher/ planner / policymakers) and publication type (website/ software/ journal article/ report) as metric for cataloguing the survey. All publications in the tool survey have been summarized in the later sections. The literature compiled here follows the timeline 2011-2019, that is after the release of two pivotal publications, Hoff (2011) and World Economic Forum (2011), that brought the concept of FEW-Nexus to global academic attention.
 
The investigation applies scale (global/ regional/ national/ local), access (public/ private), year (2011-2019), intended user (researcher/ planner / policymakers) and publication type (website/ software/ journal article/ report) as metric for cataloguing the survey. All publications in the tool survey have been summarized in the later sections. The literature compiled here follows the timeline 2011-2019, that is after the release of two pivotal publications, Hoff (2011) and World Economic Forum (2011), that brought the concept of FEW-Nexus to global academic attention.
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<br />The following table lists projects and papers reviewing FEW tools and methodologies.
  
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<br />The following table lists projects and papers reviewing FEW tools and methodologies.
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
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| Global Climate, Land, Energy & Water Strategies (CLEWS) || Global || Public || 2012 || Researcher || Journal Article, Website
 
| Global Climate, Land, Energy & Water Strategies (CLEWS) || Global || Public || 2012 || Researcher || Journal Article, Website
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|-
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| Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) || Global || Private || 2013 || Researcher || Book Chapter
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|-
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| Foreseer || National || Private || 2012 || Researcher || Software, Website
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|-
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| WEAP-LEAP || National, Basin || Public || 2013 || Researcher || Software, Website
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|-
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| iSDG Planning Model || National || Public || 2015 || Researcher/ Planner/ Policy Maker || Software, Website
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|-
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| World Bank Climate and Disaster Risk Screening Tools || National || Public || 2014 || Researcher/ Policy Makers || Website
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|-
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| Walking the Nexus Talk: Assessing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus || Global || Public || 2014 || Researcher / Policy Maker/ Stakeholder || Report
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|-
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| A review of the water-energy nexus || Global || Private || 2015 || Researcher || Journal Article
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|-
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| Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy & Food Nexus. || National || Public || 2015 || Researcher || Report
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|-
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| Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modeling approach for integrated policymaking || Global || Private || 2017 || Researcher/ Policy Maker || Journal Article
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|-
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| Designing integrated local production systems: A study on the food-energy-water nexus || Local || Private || 2016 || Researcher/ Urban Designers/ Policy Maker || Journal Article
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|-
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| Understanding water-energy-food and ecosystem interactions using the nexus simulation tool || Local || Private || 2017 || Researcher/ Urban Designers/ Policy Maker || Journal Article
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|-
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| Water-energy-food nexus: Concepts, questions, and methodologies. || Global || Private || 2018 || Researcher || Journal Article
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|-
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| Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus for urban sustainability: A comprehensive review || Global || Private || 2018 || Researcher || Journal Article
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|-
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| Quantifying the Urban Food-Energy-Water Nexus: The Case of the Detroit Metropolitan Area || Regional || Private || 2018 || Researcher / Policy Maker || Journal Article
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|-
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| Carrying capacity of U.S. agricultural land: Ten diet scenarios || National || Public || 2016 || Researcher / Policy Maker || Journal Article
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|-
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| Greenhouse Gas Emission in the United States Food System: Current and Healthy scenario || National || Private || 2019 || Researcher/ Urban Designer/ Policy Maker || Journal Article
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
== Nexus Assessment Tools and Methods ==
 
== Nexus Assessment Tools and Methods ==
 
The following section elaborates the compiled literature on tools and methods.
 
The following section elaborates the compiled literature on tools and methods.
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==== The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment ====
 
==== The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment ====
 
by Tamee R Albrecht, Arica Crootof, Christopher A Scott
 
by Tamee R Albrecht, Arica Crootof, Christopher A Scott
 
<br />Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, and School of Geography and Development University of Arizona, United States
 
<br />Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, and School of Geography and Development University of Arizona, United States
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<br />Summary:  The paper provides a literature review of WEF nexus methods and approaches in scientific analysis. The study reveals that the repetitive use of a specific research methodology to capture WEF nexus is rare and most analyses are predisposed towards siloed thinking and do not capture the entirety of the nexus. Further, most analyses follow quantitative methods, followed by social science methodologies, and only one-fifth include both quantitative and qualitative approaches. To evaluate analytical tools compiled in the literature, the paper applies four distinct metrics including innovation, context, collaboration, and implementation. The evaluation results with eighteen promising studies on WEF nexus. The paper advocates for stakeholder engagement and interdisciplinary research incorporating social and political assessment of the contexts.
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----
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'''Summary''':  The paper provides a literature review of WEF nexus methods and approaches in scientific analysis. The study reveals that the repetitive use of a specific research methodology to capture WEF nexus is rare and most analyses are predisposed towards siloed thinking and do not capture the entirety of the nexus. Further, most analyses follow quantitative methods, followed by social science methodologies, and only one-fifth include both quantitative and qualitative approaches. To evaluate analytical tools compiled in the literature, the paper applies four distinct metrics including innovation, context, collaboration, and implementation. The evaluation results with eighteen promising studies on WEF nexus. The paper advocates for stakeholder engagement and interdisciplinary research incorporating social and political assessment of the contexts.
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==== Energy modeling and the Nexus concept ====
 
==== Energy modeling and the Nexus concept ====
 
by Floor Brouwer, Georgios Avgerinopoulos, Dora Fazekas, Chrysi Laspidou, Jean-Francois Mercure, Hector Pollitt, Eunice Pereira Ramos, Mark Howells  
 
by Floor Brouwer, Georgios Avgerinopoulos, Dora Fazekas, Chrysi Laspidou, Jean-Francois Mercure, Hector Pollitt, Eunice Pereira Ramos, Mark Howells  
 
<br />Wageningen Research, The Hague, The Netherlands;  Division of Energy Systems Analysis, Royal Institute of Technology - KTH, Stockholm, Sweden; Cambridge Econometrics, United Kingdom; Civil Engineering Department, University of Thessaly, Greece; Radboud University, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
 
<br />Wageningen Research, The Hague, The Netherlands;  Division of Energy Systems Analysis, Royal Institute of Technology - KTH, Stockholm, Sweden; Cambridge Econometrics, United Kingdom; Civil Engineering Department, University of Thessaly, Greece; Radboud University, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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<br />Summary: The paper provides an overview of modelling tools designed to analyse energy systems within the broader context of food, water, energy, land, and climate nexus. The paper evaluates six energy-based models including E3ME-FTT- “Macroeconomic simulation model”, MAGENT-, CAPRI- “Global agro-economic model”, IMAGE-“comprehensive integrated modelling framework of global environmental change”, OSeMOSYS- “Systems cost-optimisation model”, and MAGPIE-LPjML- “Global land use allocation model, coupled to grid-based dynamic vegetation.” The paper highlights crossovers between models and provide insights into underlined assumptions made for each of the models. The study calls for further analysis into land markets such as impact of renewable energy potential, interdisciplinary research involving food science, engineering, and hydrology, and finally involving stakeholder engagement to bring forth interaction between science and policy.
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----
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'''Summary''': The paper provides an overview of modeling tools designed to analyse energy systems within the broader context of food, water, energy, land, and climate nexus. The paper evaluates six energy-based models including E3ME-FTT- “Macroeconomic simulation model”, MAGENT-, CAPRI- “Global agro-economic model”, IMAGE-“comprehensive integrated modelling framework of global environmental change”, OSeMOSYS- “Systems cost-optimisation model”, and MAGPIE-LPjML- “Global land use allocation model, coupled to grid-based dynamic vegetation.” The paper highlights crossovers between models and provide insights into underlined assumptions made for each of the models. The study calls for further analysis into land markets such as impact of renewable energy potential, interdisciplinary research involving food science, engineering, and hydrology, and finally involving stakeholder engagement to bring forth interaction between science and policy.
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==== Quantifying the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Current Status and Trends ====
 
==== Quantifying the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Current Status and Trends ====
 
by Yuan Chang, Guijun Li, Yuan Yao, Lixiao Zhang, Chang Yu  
 
by Yuan Chang, Guijun Li, Yuan Yao, Lixiao Zhang, Chang Yu  
 
<br />School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China; McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment; Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China;
 
<br />School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China; McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment; Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China;
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<br />Summary: The paper demonstrates how quantifying WEF nexus linkages reveal synergies and trade-offs across sectors and generates compressive methods of managing and developing the nexus. The study summarizes global estimates of WEF linkages, draws attention to limitations and methodological challenges associated with system calculation, and indicates ways by which robust WEF quantifications can be achieved. The paper reveals how previous studies on two-sector modelling and assessment (water-energy, water-food, and food-energy) have provided the basis for integrated WEF nexus modelling and analysis. However, the present research lacks the comparability of results, with differing “boundaries, definitions, approaches, and methodologies” adopted for WEF nexus quantifications. Lastly, the paper advocates synthesizing of definition, synergistically developing WEF databases, coordinating top-down and bottom-up approaches, and “developing an integrated and flexible analytical framework” of analysis.
+
----
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'''Summary''': The paper demonstrates how quantifying WEF nexus linkages reveal synergies and trade-offs across sectors and generates compressive methods of managing and developing the nexus. The study summarizes global estimates of WEF linkages, draws attention to limitations and methodological challenges associated with system calculation, and indicates ways by which robust WEF quantifications can be achieved. The paper reveals how previous studies on two-sector modelling and assessment (water-energy, water-food, and food-energy) have provided the basis for integrated WEF nexus modelling and analysis. However, the present research lacks the comparability of results, with differing “boundaries, definitions, approaches, and methodologies” adopted for WEF nexus quantifications. Lastly, the paper advocates synthesizing of definition, synergistically developing WEF databases, coordinating top-down and bottom-up approaches, and “developing an integrated and flexible analytical framework” of analysis.
 +
 
  
 
==== Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: Guiding integrative resource planning and decision making ====
 
==== Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: Guiding integrative resource planning and decision making ====
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by Bassel T. Dahera, Rabi H. Mohtarb
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<br />Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and Zachery Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States.
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<br />Online tool: http://wefnexustool.org/register.php
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----
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'''Summary''': The paper presents an online nexus modelling and assessment tool to study the overall impact of varying degrees of food production (self-sufficiency index) on the nexus and determine strategic allocation of national resources.  The tool quantifies linkages between food, energy, and water systems in a scenario-based format while considering present as well as future implications on the nexus based on population trends, changing economies and policies, and climate change.  The tool primarily focuses on the middle eastern bioclimatic region for analysis. The authors apply the tool to the Qatar context and reveal that “land” as a resource is sensitive to the varying degrees of food self-sufficiency in the country. Thus, there is a need for improving the yield of locally produced food, and identifying alternative methods, such as sustainable trade practices, to ensure food security in the country.
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==== Scaling up Agriculture in City-Regions to mitigate FEW Systems Impact ====
 
==== Scaling up Agriculture in City-Regions to mitigate FEW Systems Impact ====
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by Glen T. Daigger, Joshua P. Newell, Nancy G. Love, Nathan McClintock, Mary Gardiner, Eugene Mohareb, Megan Horst, Jennifer Blesh, Anu Ramaswami
 +
<br />School of Natural Resources and Environment and  Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
 +
----
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'''Summary''': This white paper was developed in support of the NSF funded workshop FEW Workshop: “Scaling Up” Urban Agriculture to Mitigate Food-Energy-Water-Impacts” held at the University of Michigan in 2015.  The paper summarizes findings from the workshop on the topic of urban agriculture through the lens of food supply, food security, water quality and reuse, energy use, biodiversity, ecosystem health, equity and governance. The paper identifies key research questions and opportunities to develop FEW systems that are more “integrated, sustainable, resilient, and equitable” in nature. The paper suggests that the re-localization of agriculture around urban centres can potentially result in a more resource and cost-efficient systems through the recapturing of FEW systems. The paper indicates research gaps in the current investigations including (i) how to incorporate “socio-economic dynamics”; “ecological structure and function”; “complex interaction with the FEW systems”, “temporal, geographic and jurisdictional scales” of resource management; “scenarios, decision support, and collaborative planning”;  and “assess indirect or transboundary impacts of up-scaling” (ii) how do we address ecosystem impacts of existing urban agricultural systems within dense urban centres (iii) how to adequately conceptualize quantitative evaluative measurements to assess and compare urban agricultural practices (v)  what are the power dynamics within the FEW systems and who are the beneficiaries?
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==== Complexity versus simplicity in water energy food nexus (WEF) assessment tools ====
 
==== Complexity versus simplicity in water energy food nexus (WEF) assessment tools ====
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by Jennifer Dargin, Bassel T. Daher, Rabi H. Mohtar
 +
<br />Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and Water Management and Hydrological Sciences Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA;  Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut Lebanon
 +
----
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'''Summary''': The paper provides a literature review on existing nexus assessment tools and introduces a method of comparing and evaluating the complexity of these tools using eight specific criteria defining the “complexity index.” The criteria include access type, interface type, data granularity, data accessibility, number of data inputs, subject matter expertise, training intensity, and user-defined scenario. The comparative evaluation process identifies trends within the nexus assessment tools and further results with a method for “rapid evaluation of the trade-offs” for choosing different tools. The paper indicates that tools with higher complexity bring forth detailed analysis, requiring granular data and high-skilled user; thus, requiring more institutional support. On the other hand, simpler tools provide a general overview of the nexus requiring a specific skill set and easily accessible datasets. Simple tools, therefore, provide high-level analysis and are more successful in identifying “nexus hotspots”.  The literature review conducted in the paper points towards a lack of risk assessment analysis in existing nexus tools. Lastly, the paper indicates a need for more accessible tools that can bring forth stakeholder engagement and facilitate decision making.
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==== Global Climate, Land, Energy & Water Strategies (CLEWS) ====
 
==== Global Climate, Land, Energy & Water Strategies (CLEWS) ====
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by Mark Howells, Sebastian Hermann, Manuel Welsch, Morgan Bazilian, Rebecka Segerström, Thomas Alfstad, Dolf Gielen, Holger Rogner, Guenther Fischer, Harrij van Velthuizen,
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David Wiberg, Charles Young, R. Alexander Roehrl, Alexander Mueller, Pasquale Steduto
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and Indoomatee Ramma
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<br />Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden and the United Nations Division for Sustainable Development.
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----
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'''Summary''': This online-based tool provides resource assessment in terms of land, energy, and water, applied to various geographical scales including global, regional, national, and urban. The tool assesses linkages within the nexus by identifying hotspots, finding ways of reducing trade-offs, and exploring means of developing synergies. CLEWS integrates individual modules into an overarching framework for analysis.
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==== Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) ====
 
==== Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) ====
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Mario Giampietro and Kozo Mayumi
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<br />Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Rome, Italy; Tokushima University, Japan
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----
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'''Summary''': The Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism tool is based on “bioeconomics and the flow-fund model.” The tool combines “metabolic patterns of food, water, and energy systems” with socio-economic and ecological parameters and provides analysis based on user-defined scenarios including change in land-use, population, and greenhouse gas emission at regional and national scales.
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==== The water-land-energy nexus: Foreseer ====
 
==== The water-land-energy nexus: Foreseer ====
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by J. Allwood, D. Ralph, K. Richards, R. Fenner, P. Linden, J. Dennis, C. Gilligan, J. Pyle, G. Kopec, B. Bajželj, E. Curmi, Y. Qin, R. Lupton
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<br />Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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----
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'''Summary''': The tool generates user-defined scenarios to calculate future demands of land, food, energy, and water resources and the corresponding environmental stresses involved in the process including greenhouse gas emission, and water depletion. Using Sankey diagrams, the tool visuals material flows from resource extraction to final services and consumption. The tool projects future demand for resources based on population growth, and climate change scenarios.
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==== WEAP-LEAP ====
 
==== WEAP-LEAP ====
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WEAP: Paul Raskin, Eugene Stakhiv, Ken Strzepek, Zhongping Zhu, Bill Johnson, Evan Hansen, Charlie Heaps, Dmitry Stavisky, Mimi Jenkins, Jack Sieber, Paul Kirshen, Tom Votta, David Purkey, Jimmy Henson, Alyssa Holt McClusky, Eric Kemp-Benedict, Annette Huber-Lee, David Yates, Peter Droogers, Pete Loucks, Jeff Rosenblum, Winston Yu, Chris Swartz, Sylvain Hermon, Kate Emans, Dong-Ryul Lee, David Michaud, Chuck Young, Martha Fernandes, Brian Joyce, Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Andre Savitsky, Daene McKinney, Marisa Escobar, Amanda Fencl, Vishal Mehta, Johannes Wolfer, Markus Huber, Abdullah Droubi, Mahmoud Al Sibai, Issam Nouiri, Ali Sahli, Mohamed Jabloun, Alex Bedig, Jean-Christophe Pouget, Francisco Flores, Laura Forni, Anne Hereford, Stephanie Galaitsi, Nick Depsky, Bart Wickel, Manon von Kaenel, Susan Bresney, Doug Chalmers and Jeanne Fernandez.
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<br />LEAP: Charles Heaps
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<br />Stockholm Environment Institute. Somerville, MA, United States
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----
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'''Summary''': The Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model and the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning / Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) were originally developed as independent scenario-based tools by the Stockholm Environmental Institute. Over time they have been integrated to overcome inherent limitations in each of the models. Using a GIS-based interface WEAP assists in resource planning and policy development. The tool accounts for water demand and supply by considering “water use patterns, equipment efficiencies, re-use strategies, costs, and water allocation schemes” along with “streamflow, groundwater resources, reservoirs, and water transfers.” The tool can be applied to “municipal and agricultural system, a single watershed or complex transboundary river basin system.”  The LEAP tool assists in energy policy development and analysis. The tool analysis greenhouse gas emission (GHG) for various sectors and “emissions of local and regional air pollutants, and short-lived climate pollutants.”  The integration of the two models allows researchers, planners, and policymakers to thoroughly examine and manage water and energy systems and resources.
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==== iSDG Planning Model ====
 
==== iSDG Planning Model ====
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by Millennium Institute, Washington D.C. USA and Geneva, Switzerland.
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----
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'''Summary''': The Integrated Sustainable Development Goals model is a policy simulation tool, developed to achieve Sustainable Development Goals at the national level. For each country, the tool provides an overview of the expected outcomes of each of the 17 goals by 2030. Further, by applying user-defined scenarios, the tool measures the potential impacts of proposed policies, identifies specific prioritises and investments needed, aligns SDG requirements with national objectives, and assists in budgeting and scheduling for the implementation of the policy. The model is primarily designed for policymakers, planners, and government officials, to visualize the impacts of current policy decisions.
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==== IRENA’s Preliminary Nexus Assessment Tool ====
 
==== IRENA’s Preliminary Nexus Assessment Tool ====
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----
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'''Summary''': Summary: The Preliminary Nexus Assessment Tool utilizes the national energy balance dataset as inputs to evaluate the impact of alternative scenarios, developed based on policy suggestions. The steps involved in the process include setting a baseline energy balance; calculating alternative energy balance based on policy recommendations- also known as incremental energy balance; estimating the impact on water, land, emissions, and cost of the incremental energy balance; and lastly assessing if the incremental use of resources is acceptable by the local, national and global standards.
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==== World Bank Climate and Disaster Risk Screening Tools ====
 
==== World Bank Climate and Disaster Risk Screening Tools ====
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by World Bank
 +
----
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'''Summary''': This online open-source toolset informs policymakers, planners, and practitioners about potential climate and disaster risks that may occur nationally or in a given project. It initiates discussion on planning and resource management, recognizing need for detailed assessment during initial stages of project planning.
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==== Walking the Nexus Talk: Assessing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus ====
 
==== Walking the Nexus Talk: Assessing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus ====
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by Alessandro Flammini, Manas Puri, Lucie Pluschke, Olivier Dubois
 +
<br />Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
 +
----
 +
'''Summary''': The report provides a methodology for carrying FEW nexus assessments by reviewing the interaction between the three resources, the policies implemented, and the technological interventions introduced in a given context. The assessment includes contextual analysis by evaluating current pressures within an urban setting, potential “demands, trends and drivers on a resource system,” interdependencies between WEF sub-systems, goals and policies regarding FEW resources, “planned investments, acquisitions, reforms and large scale infrastructure,” and key actors within the system.  The report suggests basic indicators to assess the performance of technical and policy recommendations and emphasizes the role of stakeholder engagement to “build consensus on strategic issues across sectors.”
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==== A review of the water-energy nexus ====
 
==== A review of the water-energy nexus ====
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by Ait Mimoune Hamiche, Amine Boudghene Stambouli, Samir Flazi
 +
<br />Electrical and Electronics Engineering Faculty, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, Oran, Algeria
 +
----
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'''Summary''': The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the linkages within the water and energy nexus, along with a literature review of existing water-energy case studies in terms of scope, objectives, methods, results, and research gaps. Further, the research categories nexus studies based on environmental, technological, economic, political, and social parameters. It points out key limitations in the studies including (i) lack of a comprehensive framework for analysing multiple linkages (ii) adoption of restrictive methods of analysis (iii) predisposition to quantitative methods especially to evaluate technological impacts (iv) excluding indirect resource consumption, therefore, undervaluing impact, with the exception of Life Cycle Assessment models (v) short term analysis that assist current policy and investment decisions, but refrain from long-term projection (vi) data-intensive complex models of assessment integrating multiple sub-models. By identifying and analysing limitations of existing studies the paper develops an integral theory-based framework for nexus analysis. The method includes “historical analysis, input-output analysis, price elasticity, scenario analysis, and an assessment of policy implication.”
 +
  
 
==== Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy & Food Nexus ====
 
==== Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy & Food Nexus ====
 +
by Rabia Ferroukhi, Divyam Nagpal, Alvaro Lopez-Peña, Troy Hodges, Rabi H. Mohtar, Bassel Daher, Samia Mohtar, and Martin Keulertz
 +
<br />IRENA, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Texas A&M University, College Station, TX;  Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
 +
----
 +
'''Summary''': The report provides a broad assessment of the engagement and impact of renewable energy within the water, energy, and food nexus. The report provides an overview of the WEF nexus, discusses prospects of renewable energy in addressing trade-offs within the system at the global and the national scale, and reviews existing nexus tools. Some of the key observations, impacts, and opportunities associated with the application of renewable energy include (i) development of less water-intensive methods of energy generation (ii)providing “water security by improving accessibility, affordability and safety” of energy production, storage and distribution (iii) fostering food security objectives (iv) augmenting bioenergy development.
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==== Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modelling approach for integrated policy making ====
 
==== Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modelling approach for integrated policy making ====
 +
by Saeed Kaddoura, Sameh El Khatib
 +
<br />Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
 +
----
 +
'''Summary''': The paper provides a review of existing Nexus modelling tools that will assist policymakers and other related professions, to implement the Nexus approach. The paper provides an overview of Climate, Land-Use, Energy, Water (CLEW), the Water, Energy, Food Nexus Tool 2.0, MARKet ALlocation (MARKAL) and MARKAL-EFOM (TIMES), the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP), and the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM). While discussing these tools and frameworks the paper deliberates upon questions of data availability and acquisition, short term and long term planning, integration of economic factors, and accessibility to tools. The paper also provides a series of limitations for modelling Nexus tools including (i) the need for granular data to accurately model the nexus (ii) tools becoming even more complex while accounting for various economic structures (iii) tools falling short of effectively capturing the synergies between different systems.
 +
  
 
==== Designing integrated local production systems: A study on the food-energy-water nexus ====
 
==== Designing integrated local production systems: A study on the food-energy-water nexus ====
 +
by Melissa Yuling Leung Pah Hang , Elias Martinez-Hernandez , Matthew Leach ,Aidong Yang
 +
<br />Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
 +
----
 +
'''Summary''': Using the local production system and services as the area of investigation, the paper provides a “process systems engineering tool” utilizing exergy as the unit for accounting flows within the FEW system. The design for the local production system is based on a “systemic mathematical modelling” method adopting a life cycle assessment approach to calculate cumulative exergy, “an indicator of resource intensity for the imported flows as well as for capital resources and environmental remediation effort.” The framework for this design is comprised of two stages (i) an optional preliminary design stage, which calculates the exergy within individual subsystems and (ii)  a simultaneous design stage, which generates an “optimal design” strategy integrating production and treatment processes within the three subsystems to generate a FEW Nexus. The paper applies this method to Whitehill-Bordon eco-town in the UK, demonstrating the possibilities of integrating system design using local resources to meet the demands of the population. 
 +
  
 
==== Understanding water-energy-food and ecosystem interactions using the nexus simulation tool ====
 
==== Understanding water-energy-food and ecosystem interactions using the nexus simulation tool ====
 +
by Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Matthew Leach, Aidong Yang
 +
<br />Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Biomass Conversion Department, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Mexico City, Mexico
 +
----
 +
'''Summary''': The paper demonstrates the functionality of an excel based techno-ecological simulation tool, Nexus Simulation System (NexSym) while assessing the local WEF nexus of Whitehill and Bordon, an eco-town in the UK. The paper presents a simulation and analytics-based framework that can provide an “integrated resource assessment” and assist in policy-based decisions at the local scale. The tool accounts for energy, water, and food production, and waste treatment.  The study utilizes three conceptual components i) ecological (ii) technological and (iii) consumption to illustrate the flows within the Nexus. It highlights two novel aspects of the tool which includes the capacity to capture the temporal dynamics of a site, and to assess potential “synergies between ecological and technological components and between different technological components, for achieving more efficient resource utilization and a better balance between demand and supply within a local system”.
 +
  
 
==== Water-energy-food nexus: Concepts, questions and methodologies ====
 
==== Water-energy-food nexus: Concepts, questions and methodologies ====
 +
by Chi Zhang, Xiaoxian Chen, Yu Li, Wei Ding, Guangtao Fu
 +
<br />School of Hydraulic Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
 +
----
 +
'''Summary''': The paper provides a comprehensive literature review on WEF Nexus. It offers two nexus definitions used in current studies based on interactions between different subsystems and quantification of flows between the nexus nodes such as within water, energy, and food sub-systems. The study summarises research questions based on three categories, (i) internal relationship analysis subdivided as one-way impact analysis and interactive impact analysis, (ii) external impact analysis based on factors such as climate change, population increase, etc., and (iii) coupled systems assessing system performance and addressing the subject of resilience. The study discusses eight nexus modelling tools which include “investigation and statistical methods, computable general equilibrium model, econometric analysis, ecological network analysis, life-cycle analysis, system dynamics model, agent-based modelling and integrated index.” Lastly, future research challenges are discussed which includes issues on “system boundary, data uncertainty, and modeling.”
 +
  
 
==== Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus for urban sustainability: A comprehensive review ====
 
==== Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus for urban sustainability: A comprehensive review ====
 +
by Pengpeng Zhang, Lixiao Zhang, Yuan Chang, Ming Xu, Yan Hao, Sai Liang, Gengyuan Liu, Zhifeng Yang, Can Wang
 +
<br />State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China; School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
 +
----
 +
'''Summary''': The paper provides a literature review on current methodologies applied to different scales of FEW nexus studies. The paper ultimately proposes a “three-dimensional conceptual framework” integrating nexus components including “resource interdependency, resource provision and system integration.”
 +
 +
 +
==== Quantifying the Urban Food-Energy-Water Nexus: The Case of the Detroit Metropolitan Area ====
 +
by Sai Liang, Shen Qu, Qiaoting Zhao, Xilin Zhang, Glen T. Daigger, Joshua P. Newell,
 +
Shelie A. Miller, Jeremiah X. Johnson, Nancy G. Love, Lixiao Zhang, Zhifeng Yang,
 +
and Ming Xu
 +
<br /> State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School for Environment and Sustainability and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
 +
----
 +
'''Summary''': The paper applies material and energy flow analysis (MEFA) to quantify the stocks and flows within the FEW systems of the Detroit Metropolitan Area. The model identifies and analyzes the impact of key processes in the system during 2012. The method calculates materials and flows within the systems using nitrogen, phosphorus, energy, and water as the currency for measurement. The research points out that a standard household and its associated services are the main drivers of the FEW nexus; there is a high per capita intake of Phosphorus and output of Nitrogen into the water bodies, and the electricity sector is the largest consumer of water especially to generate thermoelectric power. The paper provides three distinct policy-based solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of the FEW systems and strengthen resource efficiency including (i) optimizing dietary habits of households to improve phosphorus use efficiency; (ii) “improving effluent-disposal standards…, promoting adequate fertilization, and enhancing the maintenance of wastewater collection pipelines” to regulate nitrogen emission levels; (iii) “improving water use efficiency of thermoelectric power plant” to reduce water withdrawal.
  
−
==== Quantifying the Urban Food-Energy- Water Nexus: The Case of the Detroit Metropolitan Area ====
 
  
 
==== Carrying capacity of U.S. agricultural land: Ten diet scenarios ====
 
==== Carrying capacity of U.S. agricultural land: Ten diet scenarios ====
 +
by Christian J. Peters, Jamie Picardy, Amelia F. Darrouzet-Nardi, Jennifer L. Wilkins, Timothy S. Griffin, Gary W. Fick
 +
<br />Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Massachusetts, USA; Geography and Regional Planning, Mount Ida College, Massachusetts, USA; Global Health Studies Program, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Public Health, Food Studies and Nutrition, Syracuse University, New York, USA; Section of Soil and Crop Sciences (Emeritus), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
 +
----
 +
'''Summary''': The paper utilizes a biophysical simulation model to calculate the per capita land needed and the carrying capacity of agricultural land to cultivate ten different diet scenarios in the United States. The scenarios comprise both reference diets based on actual consumption and healthy diets based on the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. According to the calculations, the per capita land needed ranges from 0.13 to 1.08 ha and the carrying capacity of agricultural land ranges from 402 to 807 million people, to cultivate the diets. Unlike other studies that account for agricultural land as an aggregate, the paper proposes a method for accounting the different types of agricultural land including grazing, cultivated cropland, and perennial cropland that influence the estimates of the carrying capacity. The research infers that reducing meat in the diet can increase the carrying capacity of the land, however, the carrying capacity for vegan diets is lower than moderate omnivorous diets. Further, the paper suggests that dietary changes towards plant-based diets, agricultural research, and sustainable resource management practices can contribute towards increasing carrying capacity and global food security.
 +
  
 
==== Greenhouse Gas Emission in the United States Food System: Current and Healthy scenario ====
 
==== Greenhouse Gas Emission in the United States Food System: Current and Healthy scenario ====
 +
by Claudia Hitaj, Sarah Rehkamp, Patrick Canning, Christian J. Peters
 +
<br />Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, United States Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Massachusetts, USA
 +
----
 +
'''Summary''': The paper calculates greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) associated with four “alternative diets” following the 2010 Dietary Guideline for Americans (DGA). The study calculates five different diets including a baseline diet (current consumption), vegetarian diet, and three types of omnivore diets based on varying levels of budgets and energy consumption.  The research develops a method of accounting for the GHGE by integrating a diet-based “U.S Foodprint” model, a Multiregional Environmental Input-Output (MEIO) energy model quantifying the flow within the U.S. food system, and a “biophysical model for land use for crops and livestock”.  The paper concludes that the GHGE from omnivore diets meeting the DGA is almost equal to the baseline diet. While a DGA vegetarian diet and a DGA omnivore diet conforming to minimized energy consumption by reducing quantities and composition of meat, poultry, fish, and dairy, and caloric sweetener, can reduce GHGE by 32% and 22% respectively.
  
  
 
== Summary ==
 
== Summary ==
 +
The following table summarizes the above literature.
  
−
== External Links ==
+
{| class="wikitable"
−
 
+
|-
 +
! Title !! Author !! Research Location !! Funding Acknowledgment !! Objective
 +
|-
 +
| The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment || Tamee R Albrecht, Arica Crootof, Christopher A Scott || Arizona, USA || Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research,  National Science Foundation (Grant No.DEB-101049), the Lloyd’s Register Foundation research), and the Morris K Udall and Stewart L Udall Foundation || Literature review on FEW Nexus methods and approaches
 +
|-
 +
| Energy modeling and the Nexus concept || Floor Brouwer, Georgios Avgerinopoulos, Dora Fazekas, Chrysi Laspidou, Jean-Francois Mercure, Hector Pollitt, Eunice Pereira Ramos, Mark Howells || The Hague, NI; Stockholm,SE; Cambridge, UK; Volos, GR; Nijmegen, NI || European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement NO 689150 SIM4NEXUS) || Evaluating modeling tools based on energy and the nexus
 +
|-
 +
| Quantifying the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Current Status and Trends || Yuan Chang, Guijun Li, Yuan Yao, Lixiao Zhang and Chang Yu || Beijing, CN || National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71473285) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities || Analysis on quantification of FEW nexus
 +
|-
 +
| Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: Guiding integrative resource planning and decision making || Bassel T. Dahera, Rabi H. Mohtarb || College Station-TX USA || Qatar National Food Security Programme, Qatar’s Ministry of Environment, Qatar Foundation, Purdue University || Evaluating application and outcomes of WEF Nexus tool for case study site of Qatar.
 +
|-
 +
| Scaling up Agriculture in City-Regions to mitigate FEW Systems Impact || Glen T. Daigger, Joshua P. Newell, Nancy G. Love, Nathan McClintock, Mary Gardiner, Eugene Mohareb, Megan Horst, Jennifer Blesh, Anu Ramaswami || Ann Arbor- MI, USA || University of Michigan, National Science Foundation || Analysing outcomes of the workshop, “Scaling Up” Urban Agriculture to Mitigate Food-Energy-Water-Impacts”
 +
|-
 +
| Complexity versus simplicity in water energy food nexus (WEF) assessment tools || Jennifer Dargin, Bassel T. Daher, Rabi H. Mohtar || College Station-TX, USA; Beirut, Lebanon || Texas A&M University Water-Energy-Food Nexus Initiative (WEFNI) and National Science Foundation (INFEWS Award No. 1739977) || Literature review on nexus assessment tools.
 +
|-
 +
| Global Climate, Land, Energy & Water Strategies (CLEWS) || Mark Howells, Sebastian Hermann, Manuel Welsch, Morgan Bazilian, Rebecka Segerström, Thomas Alfstad, Dolf Gielen, Holger Rogner, Guenther Fischer, Harrij van Velthuizen, David Wiberg, Charles Young, R. Alexander Roehrl, Alexander Mueller, Pasquale Steduto and Indoomatee Ramma || Stockholm, SE || KTH Royal Institute of Technology || Tool assesses policy based on climate, land, energy, and water.
 +
|-
 +
| Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) || Mario Giampietro, Kozo Mayumi || Japan || Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Tokushima University || Methods to evaluate socio-ecosystems
 +
|-
 +
| Foreseer || J. Allwood, D. Ralph, K. Richards, R. Fenner, P. Linden, J. Dennis, C. Gilligan, J. Pyle, G. Kopec, B. Bajželj, E. Curmi, Y. Qin, R. Lupton || Cambridge, UK || BP's Energy Sustainability Challenge; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom || The tool calculates future demands of land and FEW resources and its corresponding environmental impact.
 +
|-
 +
| WEAP-LEAP || Paul Raskin, Eugene Stakhiv, Ken Strzepek, Zhongping Zhu, Bill Johnson, Evan Hansen, Charlie Heaps, Dmitry Stavisky, Mimi Jenkins, Jack Sieber, Paul Kirshen, Tom Votta, David Purkey, Jimmy Henson, Alyssa Holt McClusky, Eric Kemp-Benedict, Annette Huber-Lee, David Yates, Peter Droogers, Pete Loucks, Jeff Rosenblum, Winston Yu, Chris Swartz, Sylvain Hermon, Kate Emans, Dong-Ryul Lee, David Michaud, Chuck Young, Martha Fernandes, Brian Joyce, Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Andre Savitsky, Daene McKinney, Marisa Escobar, Amanda Fencl, Vishal Mehta, Johannes Wolfer, Markus Huber, Abdullah Droubi, Mahmoud Al Sibai, Issam Nouiri, Ali Sahli, Mohamed Jabloun, Alex Bedig, Jean-Christophe Pouget, Francisco Flores, Laura Forni, Anne Hereford, Stephanie Galaitsi, Nick Depsky, Bart Wickel, Manon von Kaenel, Susan Bresney, Doug Chalmers and Jeanne Fernandez,  Charlie Heaps || Somerville-MA, USA || Stockholm Environmental Institute, Tellus Institute, Hydrologic Engineering Center of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, California State Water Resources Control Board, California Department of Water Resources, International Water Management Institute, Global Change Research Program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Water Research Foundation, World Bank, GLOWA Program of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, EU Global Water Initiative, Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands, German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (via the BGR-ACSAD cooperation project), Inter-American Development Bank, Riverways Program of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Stockholm Environmental Institute || WEAP evaluates water demands and supply while exploring alternative scenarios. LEAP provides energy policy analysis.
 +
|-
 +
| iSDG Planning Model || Several authors and collaborators || Washington D.C, USA; Geneva, CH || Millennium Institute || Policy based methodology to achieve Sustainable Development Goals
 +
|-
 +
| World Bank Climate and Disaster Risk Screening Tools || Several authors and collaborators. Paper: William Veale, Mark Stirling, Nguyen Canh Thai, Peter Amos, Pham Hong Nga & Tran Kim Chau || New Zealand, Vietnam || World Bank || Climate and disaster toolkit
 +
|-
 +
| Walking the Nexus Talk: Assessing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus || Alessandro Flammini, Manas Puri, Lucie Pluschke, Olivier Dubois || Rome, ITL || Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund for International Development. || Framework for FEW assessment
 +
|-
 +
| A review of the water-energy nexus || Ait Mimoune Hamiche, Amine Boudghene Stambouli, Samir Flazi || Oran, AL || University of Sciences and Technology of Oran || Literature review of FEW Nexus methods and case study evaluation
 +
|-
 +
| Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy & Food Nexus. || Rabia Ferroukhi, Divyam Nagpal, Alvaro Lopez-Peña, Troy Hodges, Rabi H. Mohtar, Bassel Daher, Samia Mohtar, Martin Keulertz || Multiple || IRENA, Texas A&M University, Purdue University, Qatar Foundation. Vaibhav Chaturvedi (Council on Energy, Environment and Water, India); Michele Ferenz (EastWest Institute); Olivier Dubois, Alessandro Flammini, Jippe Hoogeveen and Lucie Pluschke (FAO); Katja Albrecht, Detlef Klein, Jan-Christoph Kuntze, Gerhard Rappold, Ulrike von Schlippenbach (GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development), Karl Moosmann (GIZ), Maria Weitz (GIZ); Jordan Macknick (National Renewable Energy Laboratory); Martin Hiller and Andreas Zahner (REEEP); Jeremy Foster (USAID); Anna Delgado, Diego J. Rodriguez and Antonia Sohns (World Bank); Manisha Gulati (WWF South Africa); Ghislaine Kieffer, Diala Hawila, Salvatore Vinci, Elizabeth Press, Deger Saygin, Linus Mofor, Nicholas Wagner, Henning Wuester, Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue and Arturo Gianvenuti (IRENA).  || Impact of renewable energy on WEF Nexus
 +
|-
 +
| Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modeling approach for integrated policymaking || Saeed Kaddoura, Sameh El Khatib || Abu Dhabi, UAE || Masdar Institute of Science and Technology || Review of nexus modeling tools
 +
|-
 +
| Designing integrated local production systems: A study on the food-energy-water nexus || Melissa Yuling Leung Pah Hang, Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Matthew Leach, Aidong Yang || Guildford, UK; Oxford, UK || Leverhulme Trust, Overseas Research Scholarship-University of Surrey, University of Oxford || Process systems engineering tool for local production system
 +
|-
 +
| Understanding water-energy-food and ecosystem interactions using the nexus simulation tool || Elias Martinez-Hernandez Matthew Leach, Aidong Yang || Bath, UK; Oxford, UK; Guildford, UK; Mexico City, Mexico || Leverhulme Trust, University of Bath, University of Oxford, University of Surrey,  Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Whitehill and Bordon eco-town. || Software tool for techno-ecological simulation
 +
|-
 +
| Water-energy-food nexus: Concepts, questions, and methodologies. || Chi Zhang, Xiaoxian Chena Yu Lia Wei Ding Guangtao Fu || Dalian, CN; Exeter, UK || National Natural Science Foundation of China, Dalian University of Technology, University of Exeter. || Literature review on the methods used in WEF Nexus
 +
|-
 +
| Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus for urban sustainability: A comprehensive review || Pengpeng Zhang, Lixiao Zhang, Yuan Chang, Ming Xu, Yan Hao, Sai Liang, Gengyuan Liu, Zhifeng Yang, Can Wang || Beijing CN, Ann Arbor-MI, USA || Beijing Normal University, Central University of Finance and Economics- Beijing, University of Michigan, Tsinghua University, National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Science Foundation, National science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control. || Literature Review on the current methods applied to different scales of FEW Nexus studies
 +
|-
 +
| Quantifying the Urban Food-Energy-Water Nexus: The Case of the Detroit Metropolitan Area || "Sai Liang, Shen Qu, Qiaoting Zhao, Xilin Zhang, Glen T. Daigger, Joshua P. Newell, Shelie A. Miller, Jeremiah X. Johnson, Nancy G. Love, Lixiao Zhang, Zhifeng Yang, and Ming Xu" || Beijing CN, Ann Arbor-MI, USA, Raleigh-NC, USA || Beijing Normal University, Central University of Finance and Economics- Beijing, University of Michigan, Tsinghua University, National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Science Foundation, National science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control. || Applying Material and  Energy Flow Analysis to quantify FEW Nexus in Detroit Metropolitan Area
 +
|-
 +
| Carrying capacity of U.S. agricultural land: Ten diet scenarios || Christian J. Peters, Jamie Picardy, Amelia F. Darrouzet-Nardi, Jennifer L. Wilkins, Timothy S. Griffin, Gary W. Fick || Boston-MA, USA; Newton-MA, USA; Meadville-PA, USA; Syracuse- NY, USA; Ithaca-NY, USA || Tufts University, Mount Ida College, Allegheny College, Syracuse University, Cornell University, W.K. Kellogg Foundation || Demonstrates a biophysical simulation model to calculate agricultural land required to sustain ten diet scenarios
 +
|-
 +
| Greenhouse Gas Emission in the United States Food System: Current and Healthy scenario || Claudia Hitaj, Sarah Rehkamp, Patrick Canning, Christian J. Peters || Washington DC, USA; Boston-MA, USA || U.S Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Tufts University || Integration of a diet based model with a biophysical model of land use for agricultural practices to estimate GHGE
 +
|}
  
−
==== International consortium ====
+
== Bibliography ==
−
* Prof. Wanglin Yan, Keio University (Japan, Lead PI)
+
# Albrecht, T., Crootof, A., & Scott, C. A. (2018). The water-energy-food nexus: A comprehensive review of nexus-specific methods. IOP Publishing Ltd.
−
* Dr. Bijon Kumar Mitra, Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) (Japan)
+
# Brouwer, F., Avgerinopoulos, G., Fazekas, D., Laspidou, C., Mercure, J.-F., Pollitt, H., … Howells, M. (2018). Energy modelling and the Nexus concept. Energy Strategy Reviews, 19, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESR.2017.10.005
 +
# Collste, D., Pedercini, M. & Cornell, S.E. (2017).  Policy coherence to achieve the SDGs: using integrated simulation models to assess effective policies. Sustain Sci 12, 921–931 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0457-x
 +
# Chang, Y., Li, G., Yao, Y., Zhang, L., & Yu, C. (2016). Quantifying the water-energy-food nexus: Current status and trends. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9020065
 +
# Daher, B. T., & Mohtar, R. H. (2015). Water–energy–food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: guiding integrative resource planning and decision-making. Water International, 40(5–6), 748–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1074148
 +
# Daigger, G. T., Newell, J. P., Love, N. G., McClintock, N., Gardiner, M., Mohareb, E., … Ramaswami, A. (2015). Scaling Up Agriculture in City-Regions to mitigate FEW System Impacts, 69. Retrieved from https://works.bepress.com/megan-horst/7/
 +
# Dargin, J., Daher, B., & Mohtar, R. H. (2019). Complexity versus simplicity in water energy food nexus (WEF) assessment tools. Science of The Total Environment, 650, 1566–1575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.080
 +
# FAO. (2014). Walking the Nexus Talk: Assessing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Context of the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative (No. 58) (Vol. 58). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/icatalog/inter-e.htm
 +
# Giampietro, M., & Kozo, M. (2000) Multiple-Scale Integrated Assessments of Societal Metabolism:Integrating Biophysical and Economic Representations Across Scales. Retrieved from:. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026643707370.
 +
# Hoff, H. (2011). Understanding the nexus. Background paper for the Bonn2011 Conference: the Water. Stockholm: Energy and Food Security Nexus, Stockholm Environment Institute
 +
# Hamiche, A. M., Stambouli, A. B., & Flazi, S. (2016). A review of the water-energy nexus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65, 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2016.07.020
 +
# IRENA. (2015). Renewable energy in the water, energy and food nexus. International Renewable Energy Agency, (January), 1–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.10.057
 +
# Kaddoura, S., & El Khatib, S. (2017). Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modelling approach for integrated policy making. Environmental Science & Policy, 77, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.007
 +
# Leung Pah Hang, M. Y., Martinez-Hernandez, E., Leach, M., & Yang, A. (2016). Designing integrated local production systems: A study on the food-energy-water nexus. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.194
 +
# Martinez-Hernandez, E., Leach, M., & Yang, A. (2017). Understanding water-energy-food and ecosystem interactions using the nexus simulation tool NexSym. Applied Energy, 206, 1009–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2017.09.022
 +
# Shinde, V. (2017) Water-Energy-Food-Nexus: Selected Tools and Models in Practice. In P. Abdul Salam, S. Shrestha, V. Prasad Pandey, & A. Kumar Anal. (eds.),Water -Energy-Food Nexus: Principles and Practisces, Geophysical Monograph 229 (67-76).  Hoboken & Washington D. C. :John Wiley & Sons, Inc. & the American
 +
# Veale, M. S., Stirling, M., Thai, N. C., Amos, P., Nga, P. H., & Chau, T. K. (2014). An initiative to improve dam and downstream community safety in Vietnam. In 2014 Congress of the International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research, Water Resources University, Vietnam.Geophysical Union. DOI:10.1002/9781119243175
 +
# World Economic Forum. (2011). Water Security: TheWater-Food-Energy-Climate Nexus. Washington, DC: Island Press.
 +
# Zhang, C., Chen, X., Li, Y., Ding, W., & Fu, G. (2018). Water-energy-food nexus: Concepts, questions and methodologies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.194
 +
# Zhang, P., Zhang, L., Chang, Y., Xu, M., Hao, Y., Liang, S., … Wang, C. (2019). Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus for urban sustainability: A comprehensive review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 142(July 2018), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.018

Latest revision as of 18:13, 10 February 2021

As a part of the design-research efforts on Moveable Nexus (M-NEX), the Delft University of Technology and University of Michigan teams have initiated ‘a state of the art of practice’ review to assess existing approaches and modelling methods of the FEW Nexus for application in urban design projects. While FEW modelling promises to eliminate siloed thinking, and thereby introduce a more comprehensive system for thinking questions of urban sustainability, many collateral issues facing urban design proposals remain uncaptured by stock and flow modelling approaches. Specifically, with the M-NEX focus on urban agriculture systems within city regions, impacts on health, learning, community building, and social systems reside outside of material and energy flow analysis (MEFA)-based approaches to system modelling emanating from the Environmental Science disciplines.
Currently, there is a pronounced lack of FEW nexus evaluation tools that readily lend themselves for utilization by urban designers and planners in making rapid and comparative assessments of the FEW impacts of design interventions. Although there is a broad spectrum of Nexus assessment, modelling, and distributed simulation (DS) tools, these tools often function on the supra-national scale, have a specific entry point, cover certain bi-directional relationships, are unintelligible to a non-skilled user, or are limited by data availability and standardized measures. To address these specific challenges, the team has assembled a comparative survey of available tools, methods, and frameworks for FEW-Nexus based assessment.
The literature compiled in this section provides a comprehensive overview of existing FEW assessment tools, methodologies, and corresponding application in urban design propositions and policy formulation. Each research project included in the survey has a specific way of referring to the nexus including FEW, FWE, and WEF. These acronyms are used interchangeably in the compilation.


Contents

Contact

The Moveable Nexus (M-NEX): Design-led urban food, water, and energy management innovation in new boundary conditions of change, is a design research-based effort delivering FEW system assessment tools and pragmatic design solutions through stakeholder engaged living labs in six bioregions across the world. This co-design research initiative is based on three interdisciplinary knowledge platforms of design, evaluation, and participation. Each platform assembles, structures, and synthesizes existing knowledge, tools, data, methods, models and case studies for FEW nexus applications.
The following tool compilation is part of the evaluation platform and is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF): Award 1832214 and Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this compilation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organization.

Metrics

The investigation applies scale (global/ regional/ national/ local), access (public/ private), year (2011-2019), intended user (researcher/ planner / policymakers) and publication type (website/ software/ journal article/ report) as metric for cataloguing the survey. All publications in the tool survey have been summarized in the later sections. The literature compiled here follows the timeline 2011-2019, that is after the release of two pivotal publications, Hoff (2011) and World Economic Forum (2011), that brought the concept of FEW-Nexus to global academic attention.
The following table lists projects and papers reviewing FEW tools and methodologies.

Title Scale Access Year Intended User Publication Type
The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment Global Open 2018 Researchers / Policy Makers Journal Article
Energy modeling and the Nexus concept Global Public 2018 Researchers / Policy Makers Journal Article
Quantifying the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Current Status and Trends Global Public 2016 Researcher Journal Article
Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: Guiding integrative resource planning and decision making Regional Private 2015 Researcher / Planners / Policy Maker Journal Article , Website
Scaling up Agriculture in City-Regions to mitigate FEW Systems Impact Global Public 2016 Researcher / Planners / Urban Designers / Policy Maker University Publication / White Paper
Complexity versus simplicity in water energy food nexus (WEF) assessment tools Global Private 2018 Researcher Journal Article
Global Climate, Land, Energy & Water Strategies (CLEWS) Global Public 2012 Researcher Journal Article, Website
Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) Global Private 2013 Researcher Book Chapter
Foreseer National Private 2012 Researcher Software, Website
WEAP-LEAP National, Basin Public 2013 Researcher Software, Website
iSDG Planning Model National Public 2015 Researcher/ Planner/ Policy Maker Software, Website
World Bank Climate and Disaster Risk Screening Tools National Public 2014 Researcher/ Policy Makers Website
Walking the Nexus Talk: Assessing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Global Public 2014 Researcher / Policy Maker/ Stakeholder Report
A review of the water-energy nexus Global Private 2015 Researcher Journal Article
Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy & Food Nexus. National Public 2015 Researcher Report
Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modeling approach for integrated policymaking Global Private 2017 Researcher/ Policy Maker Journal Article
Designing integrated local production systems: A study on the food-energy-water nexus Local Private 2016 Researcher/ Urban Designers/ Policy Maker Journal Article
Understanding water-energy-food and ecosystem interactions using the nexus simulation tool Local Private 2017 Researcher/ Urban Designers/ Policy Maker Journal Article
Water-energy-food nexus: Concepts, questions, and methodologies. Global Private 2018 Researcher Journal Article
Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus for urban sustainability: A comprehensive review Global Private 2018 Researcher Journal Article
Quantifying the Urban Food-Energy-Water Nexus: The Case of the Detroit Metropolitan Area Regional Private 2018 Researcher / Policy Maker Journal Article
Carrying capacity of U.S. agricultural land: Ten diet scenarios National Public 2016 Researcher / Policy Maker Journal Article
Greenhouse Gas Emission in the United States Food System: Current and Healthy scenario National Private 2019 Researcher/ Urban Designer/ Policy Maker Journal Article

Nexus Assessment Tools and Methods

The following section elaborates the compiled literature on tools and methods.

The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment

by Tamee R Albrecht, Arica Crootof, Christopher A Scott
Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, and School of Geography and Development University of Arizona, United States

Summary: The paper provides a literature review of WEF nexus methods and approaches in scientific analysis. The study reveals that the repetitive use of a specific research methodology to capture WEF nexus is rare and most analyses are predisposed towards siloed thinking and do not capture the entirety of the nexus. Further, most analyses follow quantitative methods, followed by social science methodologies, and only one-fifth include both quantitative and qualitative approaches. To evaluate analytical tools compiled in the literature, the paper applies four distinct metrics including innovation, context, collaboration, and implementation. The evaluation results with eighteen promising studies on WEF nexus. The paper advocates for stakeholder engagement and interdisciplinary research incorporating social and political assessment of the contexts.


Energy modeling and the Nexus concept

by Floor Brouwer, Georgios Avgerinopoulos, Dora Fazekas, Chrysi Laspidou, Jean-Francois Mercure, Hector Pollitt, Eunice Pereira Ramos, Mark Howells
Wageningen Research, The Hague, The Netherlands; Division of Energy Systems Analysis, Royal Institute of Technology - KTH, Stockholm, Sweden; Cambridge Econometrics, United Kingdom; Civil Engineering Department, University of Thessaly, Greece; Radboud University, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Summary: The paper provides an overview of modeling tools designed to analyse energy systems within the broader context of food, water, energy, land, and climate nexus. The paper evaluates six energy-based models including E3ME-FTT- “Macroeconomic simulation model”, MAGENT-, CAPRI- “Global agro-economic model”, IMAGE-“comprehensive integrated modelling framework of global environmental change”, OSeMOSYS- “Systems cost-optimisation model”, and MAGPIE-LPjML- “Global land use allocation model, coupled to grid-based dynamic vegetation.” The paper highlights crossovers between models and provide insights into underlined assumptions made for each of the models. The study calls for further analysis into land markets such as impact of renewable energy potential, interdisciplinary research involving food science, engineering, and hydrology, and finally involving stakeholder engagement to bring forth interaction between science and policy.


Quantifying the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Current Status and Trends

by Yuan Chang, Guijun Li, Yuan Yao, Lixiao Zhang, Chang Yu
School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China; McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment; Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China;

Summary: The paper demonstrates how quantifying WEF nexus linkages reveal synergies and trade-offs across sectors and generates compressive methods of managing and developing the nexus. The study summarizes global estimates of WEF linkages, draws attention to limitations and methodological challenges associated with system calculation, and indicates ways by which robust WEF quantifications can be achieved. The paper reveals how previous studies on two-sector modelling and assessment (water-energy, water-food, and food-energy) have provided the basis for integrated WEF nexus modelling and analysis. However, the present research lacks the comparability of results, with differing “boundaries, definitions, approaches, and methodologies” adopted for WEF nexus quantifications. Lastly, the paper advocates synthesizing of definition, synergistically developing WEF databases, coordinating top-down and bottom-up approaches, and “developing an integrated and flexible analytical framework” of analysis.


Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: Guiding integrative resource planning and decision making

by Bassel T. Dahera, Rabi H. Mohtarb
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and Zachery Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States.
Online tool: http://wefnexustool.org/register.php

Summary: The paper presents an online nexus modelling and assessment tool to study the overall impact of varying degrees of food production (self-sufficiency index) on the nexus and determine strategic allocation of national resources. The tool quantifies linkages between food, energy, and water systems in a scenario-based format while considering present as well as future implications on the nexus based on population trends, changing economies and policies, and climate change. The tool primarily focuses on the middle eastern bioclimatic region for analysis. The authors apply the tool to the Qatar context and reveal that “land” as a resource is sensitive to the varying degrees of food self-sufficiency in the country. Thus, there is a need for improving the yield of locally produced food, and identifying alternative methods, such as sustainable trade practices, to ensure food security in the country.


Scaling up Agriculture in City-Regions to mitigate FEW Systems Impact

by Glen T. Daigger, Joshua P. Newell, Nancy G. Love, Nathan McClintock, Mary Gardiner, Eugene Mohareb, Megan Horst, Jennifer Blesh, Anu Ramaswami
School of Natural Resources and Environment and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States

Summary: This white paper was developed in support of the NSF funded workshop FEW Workshop: “Scaling Up” Urban Agriculture to Mitigate Food-Energy-Water-Impacts” held at the University of Michigan in 2015. The paper summarizes findings from the workshop on the topic of urban agriculture through the lens of food supply, food security, water quality and reuse, energy use, biodiversity, ecosystem health, equity and governance. The paper identifies key research questions and opportunities to develop FEW systems that are more “integrated, sustainable, resilient, and equitable” in nature. The paper suggests that the re-localization of agriculture around urban centres can potentially result in a more resource and cost-efficient systems through the recapturing of FEW systems. The paper indicates research gaps in the current investigations including (i) how to incorporate “socio-economic dynamics”; “ecological structure and function”; “complex interaction with the FEW systems”, “temporal, geographic and jurisdictional scales” of resource management; “scenarios, decision support, and collaborative planning”; and “assess indirect or transboundary impacts of up-scaling” (ii) how do we address ecosystem impacts of existing urban agricultural systems within dense urban centres (iii) how to adequately conceptualize quantitative evaluative measurements to assess and compare urban agricultural practices (v) what are the power dynamics within the FEW systems and who are the beneficiaries?


Complexity versus simplicity in water energy food nexus (WEF) assessment tools

by Jennifer Dargin, Bassel T. Daher, Rabi H. Mohtar
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and Water Management and Hydrological Sciences Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA; Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut Lebanon

Summary: The paper provides a literature review on existing nexus assessment tools and introduces a method of comparing and evaluating the complexity of these tools using eight specific criteria defining the “complexity index.” The criteria include access type, interface type, data granularity, data accessibility, number of data inputs, subject matter expertise, training intensity, and user-defined scenario. The comparative evaluation process identifies trends within the nexus assessment tools and further results with a method for “rapid evaluation of the trade-offs” for choosing different tools. The paper indicates that tools with higher complexity bring forth detailed analysis, requiring granular data and high-skilled user; thus, requiring more institutional support. On the other hand, simpler tools provide a general overview of the nexus requiring a specific skill set and easily accessible datasets. Simple tools, therefore, provide high-level analysis and are more successful in identifying “nexus hotspots”. The literature review conducted in the paper points towards a lack of risk assessment analysis in existing nexus tools. Lastly, the paper indicates a need for more accessible tools that can bring forth stakeholder engagement and facilitate decision making.


Global Climate, Land, Energy & Water Strategies (CLEWS)

by Mark Howells, Sebastian Hermann, Manuel Welsch, Morgan Bazilian, Rebecka Segerström, Thomas Alfstad, Dolf Gielen, Holger Rogner, Guenther Fischer, Harrij van Velthuizen, David Wiberg, Charles Young, R. Alexander Roehrl, Alexander Mueller, Pasquale Steduto and Indoomatee Ramma
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden and the United Nations Division for Sustainable Development.

Summary: This online-based tool provides resource assessment in terms of land, energy, and water, applied to various geographical scales including global, regional, national, and urban. The tool assesses linkages within the nexus by identifying hotspots, finding ways of reducing trade-offs, and exploring means of developing synergies. CLEWS integrates individual modules into an overarching framework for analysis.


Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM)

Mario Giampietro and Kozo Mayumi
Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Rome, Italy; Tokushima University, Japan

Summary: The Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism tool is based on “bioeconomics and the flow-fund model.” The tool combines “metabolic patterns of food, water, and energy systems” with socio-economic and ecological parameters and provides analysis based on user-defined scenarios including change in land-use, population, and greenhouse gas emission at regional and national scales.


The water-land-energy nexus: Foreseer

by J. Allwood, D. Ralph, K. Richards, R. Fenner, P. Linden, J. Dennis, C. Gilligan, J. Pyle, G. Kopec, B. Bajželj, E. Curmi, Y. Qin, R. Lupton
Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Summary: The tool generates user-defined scenarios to calculate future demands of land, food, energy, and water resources and the corresponding environmental stresses involved in the process including greenhouse gas emission, and water depletion. Using Sankey diagrams, the tool visuals material flows from resource extraction to final services and consumption. The tool projects future demand for resources based on population growth, and climate change scenarios.


WEAP-LEAP

WEAP: Paul Raskin, Eugene Stakhiv, Ken Strzepek, Zhongping Zhu, Bill Johnson, Evan Hansen, Charlie Heaps, Dmitry Stavisky, Mimi Jenkins, Jack Sieber, Paul Kirshen, Tom Votta, David Purkey, Jimmy Henson, Alyssa Holt McClusky, Eric Kemp-Benedict, Annette Huber-Lee, David Yates, Peter Droogers, Pete Loucks, Jeff Rosenblum, Winston Yu, Chris Swartz, Sylvain Hermon, Kate Emans, Dong-Ryul Lee, David Michaud, Chuck Young, Martha Fernandes, Brian Joyce, Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Andre Savitsky, Daene McKinney, Marisa Escobar, Amanda Fencl, Vishal Mehta, Johannes Wolfer, Markus Huber, Abdullah Droubi, Mahmoud Al Sibai, Issam Nouiri, Ali Sahli, Mohamed Jabloun, Alex Bedig, Jean-Christophe Pouget, Francisco Flores, Laura Forni, Anne Hereford, Stephanie Galaitsi, Nick Depsky, Bart Wickel, Manon von Kaenel, Susan Bresney, Doug Chalmers and Jeanne Fernandez.
LEAP: Charles Heaps
Stockholm Environment Institute. Somerville, MA, United States

Summary: The Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model and the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning / Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) were originally developed as independent scenario-based tools by the Stockholm Environmental Institute. Over time they have been integrated to overcome inherent limitations in each of the models. Using a GIS-based interface WEAP assists in resource planning and policy development. The tool accounts for water demand and supply by considering “water use patterns, equipment efficiencies, re-use strategies, costs, and water allocation schemes” along with “streamflow, groundwater resources, reservoirs, and water transfers.” The tool can be applied to “municipal and agricultural system, a single watershed or complex transboundary river basin system.” The LEAP tool assists in energy policy development and analysis. The tool analysis greenhouse gas emission (GHG) for various sectors and “emissions of local and regional air pollutants, and short-lived climate pollutants.” The integration of the two models allows researchers, planners, and policymakers to thoroughly examine and manage water and energy systems and resources.


iSDG Planning Model

by Millennium Institute, Washington D.C. USA and Geneva, Switzerland.

Summary: The Integrated Sustainable Development Goals model is a policy simulation tool, developed to achieve Sustainable Development Goals at the national level. For each country, the tool provides an overview of the expected outcomes of each of the 17 goals by 2030. Further, by applying user-defined scenarios, the tool measures the potential impacts of proposed policies, identifies specific prioritises and investments needed, aligns SDG requirements with national objectives, and assists in budgeting and scheduling for the implementation of the policy. The model is primarily designed for policymakers, planners, and government officials, to visualize the impacts of current policy decisions.


IRENA’s Preliminary Nexus Assessment Tool

Summary: Summary: The Preliminary Nexus Assessment Tool utilizes the national energy balance dataset as inputs to evaluate the impact of alternative scenarios, developed based on policy suggestions. The steps involved in the process include setting a baseline energy balance; calculating alternative energy balance based on policy recommendations- also known as incremental energy balance; estimating the impact on water, land, emissions, and cost of the incremental energy balance; and lastly assessing if the incremental use of resources is acceptable by the local, national and global standards.


World Bank Climate and Disaster Risk Screening Tools

by World Bank

Summary: This online open-source toolset informs policymakers, planners, and practitioners about potential climate and disaster risks that may occur nationally or in a given project. It initiates discussion on planning and resource management, recognizing need for detailed assessment during initial stages of project planning.


Walking the Nexus Talk: Assessing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus

by Alessandro Flammini, Manas Puri, Lucie Pluschke, Olivier Dubois
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy

Summary: The report provides a methodology for carrying FEW nexus assessments by reviewing the interaction between the three resources, the policies implemented, and the technological interventions introduced in a given context. The assessment includes contextual analysis by evaluating current pressures within an urban setting, potential “demands, trends and drivers on a resource system,” interdependencies between WEF sub-systems, goals and policies regarding FEW resources, “planned investments, acquisitions, reforms and large scale infrastructure,” and key actors within the system. The report suggests basic indicators to assess the performance of technical and policy recommendations and emphasizes the role of stakeholder engagement to “build consensus on strategic issues across sectors.”


A review of the water-energy nexus

by Ait Mimoune Hamiche, Amine Boudghene Stambouli, Samir Flazi
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Faculty, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, Oran, Algeria

Summary: The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the linkages within the water and energy nexus, along with a literature review of existing water-energy case studies in terms of scope, objectives, methods, results, and research gaps. Further, the research categories nexus studies based on environmental, technological, economic, political, and social parameters. It points out key limitations in the studies including (i) lack of a comprehensive framework for analysing multiple linkages (ii) adoption of restrictive methods of analysis (iii) predisposition to quantitative methods especially to evaluate technological impacts (iv) excluding indirect resource consumption, therefore, undervaluing impact, with the exception of Life Cycle Assessment models (v) short term analysis that assist current policy and investment decisions, but refrain from long-term projection (vi) data-intensive complex models of assessment integrating multiple sub-models. By identifying and analysing limitations of existing studies the paper develops an integral theory-based framework for nexus analysis. The method includes “historical analysis, input-output analysis, price elasticity, scenario analysis, and an assessment of policy implication.”


Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy & Food Nexus

by Rabia Ferroukhi, Divyam Nagpal, Alvaro Lopez-Peña, Troy Hodges, Rabi H. Mohtar, Bassel Daher, Samia Mohtar, and Martin Keulertz
IRENA, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Summary: The report provides a broad assessment of the engagement and impact of renewable energy within the water, energy, and food nexus. The report provides an overview of the WEF nexus, discusses prospects of renewable energy in addressing trade-offs within the system at the global and the national scale, and reviews existing nexus tools. Some of the key observations, impacts, and opportunities associated with the application of renewable energy include (i) development of less water-intensive methods of energy generation (ii)providing “water security by improving accessibility, affordability and safety” of energy production, storage and distribution (iii) fostering food security objectives (iv) augmenting bioenergy development.


Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modelling approach for integrated policy making

by Saeed Kaddoura, Sameh El Khatib
Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Summary: The paper provides a review of existing Nexus modelling tools that will assist policymakers and other related professions, to implement the Nexus approach. The paper provides an overview of Climate, Land-Use, Energy, Water (CLEW), the Water, Energy, Food Nexus Tool 2.0, MARKet ALlocation (MARKAL) and MARKAL-EFOM (TIMES), the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP), and the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM). While discussing these tools and frameworks the paper deliberates upon questions of data availability and acquisition, short term and long term planning, integration of economic factors, and accessibility to tools. The paper also provides a series of limitations for modelling Nexus tools including (i) the need for granular data to accurately model the nexus (ii) tools becoming even more complex while accounting for various economic structures (iii) tools falling short of effectively capturing the synergies between different systems.


Designing integrated local production systems: A study on the food-energy-water nexus

by Melissa Yuling Leung Pah Hang , Elias Martinez-Hernandez , Matthew Leach ,Aidong Yang
Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Summary: Using the local production system and services as the area of investigation, the paper provides a “process systems engineering tool” utilizing exergy as the unit for accounting flows within the FEW system. The design for the local production system is based on a “systemic mathematical modelling” method adopting a life cycle assessment approach to calculate cumulative exergy, “an indicator of resource intensity for the imported flows as well as for capital resources and environmental remediation effort.” The framework for this design is comprised of two stages (i) an optional preliminary design stage, which calculates the exergy within individual subsystems and (ii) a simultaneous design stage, which generates an “optimal design” strategy integrating production and treatment processes within the three subsystems to generate a FEW Nexus. The paper applies this method to Whitehill-Bordon eco-town in the UK, demonstrating the possibilities of integrating system design using local resources to meet the demands of the population.


Understanding water-energy-food and ecosystem interactions using the nexus simulation tool

by Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Matthew Leach, Aidong Yang
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Biomass Conversion Department, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Mexico City, Mexico

Summary: The paper demonstrates the functionality of an excel based techno-ecological simulation tool, Nexus Simulation System (NexSym) while assessing the local WEF nexus of Whitehill and Bordon, an eco-town in the UK. The paper presents a simulation and analytics-based framework that can provide an “integrated resource assessment” and assist in policy-based decisions at the local scale. The tool accounts for energy, water, and food production, and waste treatment. The study utilizes three conceptual components i) ecological (ii) technological and (iii) consumption to illustrate the flows within the Nexus. It highlights two novel aspects of the tool which includes the capacity to capture the temporal dynamics of a site, and to assess potential “synergies between ecological and technological components and between different technological components, for achieving more efficient resource utilization and a better balance between demand and supply within a local system”.


Water-energy-food nexus: Concepts, questions and methodologies

by Chi Zhang, Xiaoxian Chen, Yu Li, Wei Ding, Guangtao Fu
School of Hydraulic Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Summary: The paper provides a comprehensive literature review on WEF Nexus. It offers two nexus definitions used in current studies based on interactions between different subsystems and quantification of flows between the nexus nodes such as within water, energy, and food sub-systems. The study summarises research questions based on three categories, (i) internal relationship analysis subdivided as one-way impact analysis and interactive impact analysis, (ii) external impact analysis based on factors such as climate change, population increase, etc., and (iii) coupled systems assessing system performance and addressing the subject of resilience. The study discusses eight nexus modelling tools which include “investigation and statistical methods, computable general equilibrium model, econometric analysis, ecological network analysis, life-cycle analysis, system dynamics model, agent-based modelling and integrated index.” Lastly, future research challenges are discussed which includes issues on “system boundary, data uncertainty, and modeling.”


Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus for urban sustainability: A comprehensive review

by Pengpeng Zhang, Lixiao Zhang, Yuan Chang, Ming Xu, Yan Hao, Sai Liang, Gengyuan Liu, Zhifeng Yang, Can Wang
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China; School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Summary: The paper provides a literature review on current methodologies applied to different scales of FEW nexus studies. The paper ultimately proposes a “three-dimensional conceptual framework” integrating nexus components including “resource interdependency, resource provision and system integration.”


Quantifying the Urban Food-Energy-Water Nexus: The Case of the Detroit Metropolitan Area

by Sai Liang, Shen Qu, Qiaoting Zhao, Xilin Zhang, Glen T. Daigger, Joshua P. Newell, Shelie A. Miller, Jeremiah X. Johnson, Nancy G. Love, Lixiao Zhang, Zhifeng Yang, and Ming Xu
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School for Environment and Sustainability and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States

Summary: The paper applies material and energy flow analysis (MEFA) to quantify the stocks and flows within the FEW systems of the Detroit Metropolitan Area. The model identifies and analyzes the impact of key processes in the system during 2012. The method calculates materials and flows within the systems using nitrogen, phosphorus, energy, and water as the currency for measurement. The research points out that a standard household and its associated services are the main drivers of the FEW nexus; there is a high per capita intake of Phosphorus and output of Nitrogen into the water bodies, and the electricity sector is the largest consumer of water especially to generate thermoelectric power. The paper provides three distinct policy-based solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of the FEW systems and strengthen resource efficiency including (i) optimizing dietary habits of households to improve phosphorus use efficiency; (ii) “improving effluent-disposal standards…, promoting adequate fertilization, and enhancing the maintenance of wastewater collection pipelines” to regulate nitrogen emission levels; (iii) “improving water use efficiency of thermoelectric power plant” to reduce water withdrawal.


Carrying capacity of U.S. agricultural land: Ten diet scenarios

by Christian J. Peters, Jamie Picardy, Amelia F. Darrouzet-Nardi, Jennifer L. Wilkins, Timothy S. Griffin, Gary W. Fick
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Massachusetts, USA; Geography and Regional Planning, Mount Ida College, Massachusetts, USA; Global Health Studies Program, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Public Health, Food Studies and Nutrition, Syracuse University, New York, USA; Section of Soil and Crop Sciences (Emeritus), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.

Summary: The paper utilizes a biophysical simulation model to calculate the per capita land needed and the carrying capacity of agricultural land to cultivate ten different diet scenarios in the United States. The scenarios comprise both reference diets based on actual consumption and healthy diets based on the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. According to the calculations, the per capita land needed ranges from 0.13 to 1.08 ha and the carrying capacity of agricultural land ranges from 402 to 807 million people, to cultivate the diets. Unlike other studies that account for agricultural land as an aggregate, the paper proposes a method for accounting the different types of agricultural land including grazing, cultivated cropland, and perennial cropland that influence the estimates of the carrying capacity. The research infers that reducing meat in the diet can increase the carrying capacity of the land, however, the carrying capacity for vegan diets is lower than moderate omnivorous diets. Further, the paper suggests that dietary changes towards plant-based diets, agricultural research, and sustainable resource management practices can contribute towards increasing carrying capacity and global food security.


Greenhouse Gas Emission in the United States Food System: Current and Healthy scenario

by Claudia Hitaj, Sarah Rehkamp, Patrick Canning, Christian J. Peters
Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, United States Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Massachusetts, USA

Summary: The paper calculates greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) associated with four “alternative diets” following the 2010 Dietary Guideline for Americans (DGA). The study calculates five different diets including a baseline diet (current consumption), vegetarian diet, and three types of omnivore diets based on varying levels of budgets and energy consumption. The research develops a method of accounting for the GHGE by integrating a diet-based “U.S Foodprint” model, a Multiregional Environmental Input-Output (MEIO) energy model quantifying the flow within the U.S. food system, and a “biophysical model for land use for crops and livestock”. The paper concludes that the GHGE from omnivore diets meeting the DGA is almost equal to the baseline diet. While a DGA vegetarian diet and a DGA omnivore diet conforming to minimized energy consumption by reducing quantities and composition of meat, poultry, fish, and dairy, and caloric sweetener, can reduce GHGE by 32% and 22% respectively.


Summary

The following table summarizes the above literature.

Title Author Research Location Funding Acknowledgment Objective
The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment Tamee R Albrecht, Arica Crootof, Christopher A Scott Arizona, USA Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, National Science Foundation (Grant No.DEB-101049), the Lloyd’s Register Foundation research), and the Morris K Udall and Stewart L Udall Foundation Literature review on FEW Nexus methods and approaches
Energy modeling and the Nexus concept Floor Brouwer, Georgios Avgerinopoulos, Dora Fazekas, Chrysi Laspidou, Jean-Francois Mercure, Hector Pollitt, Eunice Pereira Ramos, Mark Howells The Hague, NI; Stockholm,SE; Cambridge, UK; Volos, GR; Nijmegen, NI European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement NO 689150 SIM4NEXUS) Evaluating modeling tools based on energy and the nexus
Quantifying the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Current Status and Trends Yuan Chang, Guijun Li, Yuan Yao, Lixiao Zhang and Chang Yu Beijing, CN National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71473285) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities Analysis on quantification of FEW nexus
Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: Guiding integrative resource planning and decision making Bassel T. Dahera, Rabi H. Mohtarb College Station-TX USA Qatar National Food Security Programme, Qatar’s Ministry of Environment, Qatar Foundation, Purdue University Evaluating application and outcomes of WEF Nexus tool for case study site of Qatar.
Scaling up Agriculture in City-Regions to mitigate FEW Systems Impact Glen T. Daigger, Joshua P. Newell, Nancy G. Love, Nathan McClintock, Mary Gardiner, Eugene Mohareb, Megan Horst, Jennifer Blesh, Anu Ramaswami Ann Arbor- MI, USA University of Michigan, National Science Foundation Analysing outcomes of the workshop, “Scaling Up” Urban Agriculture to Mitigate Food-Energy-Water-Impacts”
Complexity versus simplicity in water energy food nexus (WEF) assessment tools Jennifer Dargin, Bassel T. Daher, Rabi H. Mohtar College Station-TX, USA; Beirut, Lebanon Texas A&M University Water-Energy-Food Nexus Initiative (WEFNI) and National Science Foundation (INFEWS Award No. 1739977) Literature review on nexus assessment tools.
Global Climate, Land, Energy & Water Strategies (CLEWS) Mark Howells, Sebastian Hermann, Manuel Welsch, Morgan Bazilian, Rebecka Segerström, Thomas Alfstad, Dolf Gielen, Holger Rogner, Guenther Fischer, Harrij van Velthuizen, David Wiberg, Charles Young, R. Alexander Roehrl, Alexander Mueller, Pasquale Steduto and Indoomatee Ramma Stockholm, SE KTH Royal Institute of Technology Tool assesses policy based on climate, land, energy, and water.
Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) Mario Giampietro, Kozo Mayumi Japan Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Tokushima University Methods to evaluate socio-ecosystems
Foreseer J. Allwood, D. Ralph, K. Richards, R. Fenner, P. Linden, J. Dennis, C. Gilligan, J. Pyle, G. Kopec, B. Bajželj, E. Curmi, Y. Qin, R. Lupton Cambridge, UK BP's Energy Sustainability Challenge; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom The tool calculates future demands of land and FEW resources and its corresponding environmental impact.
WEAP-LEAP Paul Raskin, Eugene Stakhiv, Ken Strzepek, Zhongping Zhu, Bill Johnson, Evan Hansen, Charlie Heaps, Dmitry Stavisky, Mimi Jenkins, Jack Sieber, Paul Kirshen, Tom Votta, David Purkey, Jimmy Henson, Alyssa Holt McClusky, Eric Kemp-Benedict, Annette Huber-Lee, David Yates, Peter Droogers, Pete Loucks, Jeff Rosenblum, Winston Yu, Chris Swartz, Sylvain Hermon, Kate Emans, Dong-Ryul Lee, David Michaud, Chuck Young, Martha Fernandes, Brian Joyce, Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Andre Savitsky, Daene McKinney, Marisa Escobar, Amanda Fencl, Vishal Mehta, Johannes Wolfer, Markus Huber, Abdullah Droubi, Mahmoud Al Sibai, Issam Nouiri, Ali Sahli, Mohamed Jabloun, Alex Bedig, Jean-Christophe Pouget, Francisco Flores, Laura Forni, Anne Hereford, Stephanie Galaitsi, Nick Depsky, Bart Wickel, Manon von Kaenel, Susan Bresney, Doug Chalmers and Jeanne Fernandez, Charlie Heaps Somerville-MA, USA Stockholm Environmental Institute, Tellus Institute, Hydrologic Engineering Center of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, California State Water Resources Control Board, California Department of Water Resources, International Water Management Institute, Global Change Research Program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Water Research Foundation, World Bank, GLOWA Program of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, EU Global Water Initiative, Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands, German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (via the BGR-ACSAD cooperation project), Inter-American Development Bank, Riverways Program of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Stockholm Environmental Institute WEAP evaluates water demands and supply while exploring alternative scenarios. LEAP provides energy policy analysis.
iSDG Planning Model Several authors and collaborators Washington D.C, USA; Geneva, CH Millennium Institute Policy based methodology to achieve Sustainable Development Goals
World Bank Climate and Disaster Risk Screening Tools Several authors and collaborators. Paper: William Veale, Mark Stirling, Nguyen Canh Thai, Peter Amos, Pham Hong Nga & Tran Kim Chau New Zealand, Vietnam World Bank Climate and disaster toolkit
Walking the Nexus Talk: Assessing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Alessandro Flammini, Manas Puri, Lucie Pluschke, Olivier Dubois Rome, ITL Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund for International Development. Framework for FEW assessment
A review of the water-energy nexus Ait Mimoune Hamiche, Amine Boudghene Stambouli, Samir Flazi Oran, AL University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Literature review of FEW Nexus methods and case study evaluation
Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy & Food Nexus. Rabia Ferroukhi, Divyam Nagpal, Alvaro Lopez-Peña, Troy Hodges, Rabi H. Mohtar, Bassel Daher, Samia Mohtar, Martin Keulertz Multiple IRENA, Texas A&M University, Purdue University, Qatar Foundation. Vaibhav Chaturvedi (Council on Energy, Environment and Water, India); Michele Ferenz (EastWest Institute); Olivier Dubois, Alessandro Flammini, Jippe Hoogeveen and Lucie Pluschke (FAO); Katja Albrecht, Detlef Klein, Jan-Christoph Kuntze, Gerhard Rappold, Ulrike von Schlippenbach (GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development), Karl Moosmann (GIZ), Maria Weitz (GIZ); Jordan Macknick (National Renewable Energy Laboratory); Martin Hiller and Andreas Zahner (REEEP); Jeremy Foster (USAID); Anna Delgado, Diego J. Rodriguez and Antonia Sohns (World Bank); Manisha Gulati (WWF South Africa); Ghislaine Kieffer, Diala Hawila, Salvatore Vinci, Elizabeth Press, Deger Saygin, Linus Mofor, Nicholas Wagner, Henning Wuester, Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue and Arturo Gianvenuti (IRENA). Impact of renewable energy on WEF Nexus
Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modeling approach for integrated policymaking Saeed Kaddoura, Sameh El Khatib Abu Dhabi, UAE Masdar Institute of Science and Technology Review of nexus modeling tools
Designing integrated local production systems: A study on the food-energy-water nexus Melissa Yuling Leung Pah Hang, Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Matthew Leach, Aidong Yang Guildford, UK; Oxford, UK Leverhulme Trust, Overseas Research Scholarship-University of Surrey, University of Oxford Process systems engineering tool for local production system
Understanding water-energy-food and ecosystem interactions using the nexus simulation tool Elias Martinez-Hernandez Matthew Leach, Aidong Yang Bath, UK; Oxford, UK; Guildford, UK; Mexico City, Mexico Leverhulme Trust, University of Bath, University of Oxford, University of Surrey, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Whitehill and Bordon eco-town. Software tool for techno-ecological simulation
Water-energy-food nexus: Concepts, questions, and methodologies. Chi Zhang, Xiaoxian Chena Yu Lia Wei Ding Guangtao Fu Dalian, CN; Exeter, UK National Natural Science Foundation of China, Dalian University of Technology, University of Exeter. Literature review on the methods used in WEF Nexus
Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus for urban sustainability: A comprehensive review Pengpeng Zhang, Lixiao Zhang, Yuan Chang, Ming Xu, Yan Hao, Sai Liang, Gengyuan Liu, Zhifeng Yang, Can Wang Beijing CN, Ann Arbor-MI, USA Beijing Normal University, Central University of Finance and Economics- Beijing, University of Michigan, Tsinghua University, National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Science Foundation, National science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control. Literature Review on the current methods applied to different scales of FEW Nexus studies
Quantifying the Urban Food-Energy-Water Nexus: The Case of the Detroit Metropolitan Area "Sai Liang, Shen Qu, Qiaoting Zhao, Xilin Zhang, Glen T. Daigger, Joshua P. Newell, Shelie A. Miller, Jeremiah X. Johnson, Nancy G. Love, Lixiao Zhang, Zhifeng Yang, and Ming Xu" Beijing CN, Ann Arbor-MI, USA, Raleigh-NC, USA Beijing Normal University, Central University of Finance and Economics- Beijing, University of Michigan, Tsinghua University, National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Science Foundation, National science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control. Applying Material and Energy Flow Analysis to quantify FEW Nexus in Detroit Metropolitan Area
Carrying capacity of U.S. agricultural land: Ten diet scenarios Christian J. Peters, Jamie Picardy, Amelia F. Darrouzet-Nardi, Jennifer L. Wilkins, Timothy S. Griffin, Gary W. Fick Boston-MA, USA; Newton-MA, USA; Meadville-PA, USA; Syracuse- NY, USA; Ithaca-NY, USA Tufts University, Mount Ida College, Allegheny College, Syracuse University, Cornell University, W.K. Kellogg Foundation Demonstrates a biophysical simulation model to calculate agricultural land required to sustain ten diet scenarios
Greenhouse Gas Emission in the United States Food System: Current and Healthy scenario Claudia Hitaj, Sarah Rehkamp, Patrick Canning, Christian J. Peters Washington DC, USA; Boston-MA, USA U.S Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Tufts University Integration of a diet based model with a biophysical model of land use for agricultural practices to estimate GHGE

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